Sex Hormones and Sex Chromosomes Cause Sex Differences in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Sex differences in the human brain and the impact of sex chromosomes and sex hormones.
While there has been increasing support for the existence of cerebral sex differences, the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. Based on animal data, it has long been believed that sexual differentiation of the brain is primarily linked to organizational effects of fetal testosterone. This view is, however, in question as more recent data show the presence of sex differences bef...
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in scientific research are often males. Such bias is evident because researchers avoid using female animals as they are concerned that their reproductive cycles and hormone fluctuations may confound the results of their studies, which may lead to some disparity observed between preclinical studies and clinical trials. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States has been directi...
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Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmenta...
متن کاملSex Differences in Sex Hormones, Carotid Atherosclerosis, and Stroke.
There are notable sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Although the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease in women lags behind that of men by ≈7 to 10 years, strokes comprise a larger proportion of cardiovascular events in women than in men. In terms of clinical impact, aspirin used for primary prevention is associated with a significance reduction in stroke women but not myocard...
متن کاملSex Differences and the Role of Sex Hormones in Face Development and Face Processing
................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 5 Content .................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1 ...................................................................................
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
سال: 2017
ISSN: 1079-5642,1524-4636
DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307301