Self?Oscillating 3D Printed Hydrogel Shapes

Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reactions have been used to investigate periodic spatial patterns due the oscillatory nature of reaction. However, these systems not confined, nor controlled, in macro-scaled architectures, making it hard translate observations natural behavior. Here, a poly(electrolyte) complex is designed that can be ionically or covalently reinforced construct 3D geometries with additive manufacturing techniques. Printed varied shape, size, and angle spatiotemporal pattern formation 3D. Size variations correlated trends oscillating frequencies, demonstrating geometry effect on alterations. Overall, combination printing techniques self-oscillating chemical allows model, study, further understand macro-scale observed nature. The proposed approach design smart structure replicate biological oscillators such as cardiac arrhythmias, neuron signaling, camouflage skin patterns.