Safe management of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3-induced mortalities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by silaging process

In open farming systems, fish losses are unfortunate daily finding, hence a simple, safe and highly adaptable method is needed to manage dead fish. The aim of this study was develop three silaging methods common carp (Cyprinus carpio) carcasses identify cost-effective, eco-friendly, efficient turn into organic fertiliser determine whether Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) can be inactivated during 34-weeks trial. our study, were chopped, minced mixed with starter bacteria culture wheat bran (Basic), water (Hydrated) or Bokashi commercial mix (Commercial), placed in 1 L jars (in quadruplicates). CyHV-3 infectivity potential assessed by two cell cultures expression the virus genes classified temporal kinetic classes. feasibility selection best pH monitoring, characterisation odour profile, elemental analysis calculating cost in-farm silaging. Cell subsequent gene analyses showed that successfully Basic, Hydrated Commercial silages, confirming their safety. Among methods, cost-effective one; however, concerning other features (odour final level), Basic selected as most promising for implementation. Additionally, level nutrients silage higher than commonly used natural fertilisers, while content heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn) met official recommendations fertilisers. provides premise an effective offers pathogen inactivation (via combination decreased microbial activity), turns by-stream valuable product increases profitability farm sustainable way.