Rotational energy harvesting for self-powered sensing

Rotational energy has been a key element in many domestic and industrial areas from wristwatches to offshore wind turbines. It utilized on large scale megawatt-scale hydraulic power generators kilowatt-scale vehicles rotating machines, watt-scale hand-held tools, milliwatt (microwatt) rotational harvesters. The scope of this review is microwatt-level harvesters (millimeter centimeter size) that are typically used energize low-power electronics for long-term self-powered sensing applications the era Internet Things. In order enhance structural smartness perform autonomous condition-based maintenance, wireless, embedded, distributed sensors increasingly introduced critical infrastructure systems, such as bridges, vehicles, monitor their conditions real time. However, these wireless mostly powered by on-board batteries require regular recharging or replacement. Although an external source available applications, connection might add undesirable cost complication, particularly retro-fitted sensors, be impractical mounted parts structure. Batteries tolerable when number moderate, but replacement will excessively costly inconvenient thousands millions adopted, remote otherwise inaccessible locations. Miniature can provide self-sustained converting sources local environment into electricity. major challenges harvesting capability, operating bandwidth, device miniaturization, system reliability harnessing random, broadband, potentially low-frequency sources. review, characterized, accordingly, designs categorized basis operational principles. fundamentals methodologies adopted discussed with analysis contribution effective harvesting. An application-oriented also provided progress different discussion advantages disadvantages methods those applications. Advances biomedical devices, micro-robotics exert more pressure creating reliable, miniaturized, supply solutions micro-electromechanical systems. (REH) one rapidly growing using converted other environment. This paper comprehensively reviews state-of-the-art REH terms characteristics, harvester categories, mechanisms, promising Unique mechanisms methodologies, gravity centrifugal force combined nonlinear characterized. wearable implantable automotive, renewable environmental reviewed illustrate how have developed accordingly. Based date, developments, challenges, issues summarized discussed. Moving forward, outlook presented outline potential research directions opportunities area. motion playing fundamental role development humankind since invention wheel. Archaeological excavation Mesopotamia (now Iraq) dated oldest known wheel, shown Figure 1A , 3500 BC. period Bronze Age, time, people not only could plant crops grow livestock had learned make metal tools. 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