Ribbon homology cobordisms

We study 4-dimensional homology cobordisms without 3-handles, showing that they interact nicely with Thurston geometries, character varieties, and instanton Heegaard Floer homologies. Using these, we derive obstructions to such cobordisms. As one example of these obstructions, generalize other recent results on the behavior knot under ribbon concordances. Finally, provide topological applications, including Dehn surgery problems.