منابع مشابه
Weighing reward and punishment.
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 326 18 DECEMBER 2009 1581 COVER Ardipithecus ramidus, a possible human ancestor, inhabited then-wooded regions of Ethiopia 4.4 million years ago. This year, studies of the fossilized skeleton of a member of the species raised surprising questions about how key human traits evolved. See the Breakthrough of the Year special section beginning on page 1598 and at www....
متن کاملReward and punishment.
Minigames capturing the essence of Public Goods experiments show that even in the absence of rationality assumptions, both punishment and reward will fail to bring about prosocial behavior. This result holds in particular for the well-known Ultimatum Game, which emerges as a special case. But reputation can induce fairness and cooperation in populations adapting through learning or imitation. I...
متن کاملIntermediation Reduces Punishment and Reward∗
Most economic theories of punishment assume the moral decision-maker has in mind a model of fairness based on outcomes, intentions and procedures and punishes deviations from fairness. In contrast, this paper shows that moral decision-making is better modeled as an unreasoned, intuitive reaction, correlated but not tethered to the punisher’s ideals of right and wrong. Specifically, the experime...
متن کاملReward, punishment, and cooperation: a meta-analysis.
How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there...
متن کاملInstrumental vigour in punishment and reward.
Recent notions about the vigour of responding in operant conditioning suggest that the long-run average rate of reward should control the alacrity of action in cases in which the actual cost of speed is balanced against the opportunity cost of sloth. The average reward rate is suggested as being reported by tonic activity in the dopamine system and thereby influencing all actions, including one...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
سال: 2001
ISSN: 0027-8424,1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161155698