Revisit the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in Proxy Records from Zemu Glacier Sediments, Eastern Himalaya: Vegetation and Climate Reconstruction

The Late Holocene fossil pollen records from the Zemu glacier, located in Yabuk, North Sikkim, eastern Himalayas, effectively generated quantitative climate reconstructions based on transfer function model. model was developed by establishing a modern pollen–climate calibration set temperate alpine belt of Sikkim. A redundancy analysis carried out to detect pattern variation climatic variables datasets. mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature warming month (MTWA) had strongest influence composition samples among considered analysis. Proxy data form were analyzed for reconstructing past upon relationships between vegetation assemblages patterns. Transfer functions MAP MTWA with partial least squares (PLS) approach, performance assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation. validated used reconstruct last 2992 cal years BP (1042 BC) variability observed global events. It further compared available regional hemispheric proxy-based reconstructions. captured comparable Medieval Warm Period (MWP) Little Ice Age (LIA)-like events glacier region. mineral magnetism subsurface sediment profile.