Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus , to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution

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Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution.

The breadth of anatomical and functional diversity among amniote external genitalia has led to uncertainty about the evolutionary origins of the phallus. In several lineages, including the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, adults lack an intromittent phallus, raising the possibility that the amniote ancestor lacked external genitalia and reproduced using cloacal apposition. Accordingly, a phallus m...

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Reproductive morphology of themale Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus

Over the past decade, studies on reproductive morphology in the Squamata (snakes and lizards) have expanded tremendously. With the accumulation of these studies and revisions of the terminology based on structural similarities and differences, it is imperative to review the work on tuataras to determine whether the structural organization fits the revised terminology of vertebrates. We investig...

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Anatomy, morphology and evolution of the patella in squamate lizards and tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)

The patella (kneecap) is the largest and best-known of the sesamoid bones, postulated to confer biomechanical advantages including increasing joint leverage and reinforcing the tendon against compression. It has evolved several times independently in amniotes, but despite apparently widespread occurrence in lizards, the patella remains poorly characterised in this group and is, as yet, complete...

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Mastication in the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Reptilia: Rhynchocephalia): Structure and Activity of the Motor System

The masticatory pattern of Sphenodon punctatus, the sole remaining rhynchocephalian, now restricted to islands off the coast of New Zealand, has been analyzed by detailed anatomy, cinematography, cinefluoroscopy, and electromyography. Food reduction consists of a closing, crushing bite followed by a propalineal sliding of the dentary row between the maxillary and palatine ones. The large, flesh...

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Sex Ratio Bias and Extinction Risk in an Isolated Population of Tuatara (<i>Sphenodon Punctatus</i>)

Understanding the mechanisms underlying population declines is critical for preventing the extinction of endangered populations. Positive feedbacks can hasten the process of collapse and create an ‘extinction vortex,’ particularly in small, isolated populations. We provide a case study of a male-biased sex ratio creating the conditions for extinction in a natural population of tuatara (Sphenodo...

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Biology Letters

سال: 2015

ISSN: 1744-9561,1744-957X

DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0694