Responses of phenology, yield attributes, and yield of wheat varieties under different sowing times in Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment with wheat was conducted at Pusa (25.98°N, 85.67°E, 52 m amsl), Bihar (middle Gangetic plains of India), to assess the responses phenology, yield attributes, and growing season temperature heat stress. For this purpose, planted on five dates (viz., 15 November, 25 5 December, December) for three consecutive years 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017) prominent cultivars region RAU-3711, HD-2824, HD-2733). Five sowing represent different wheat-growing micro-environments as imposed by varying encompassing entire window. The study observed significant effect phenophase duration. In general, progress in date sowing, tiller initiation delayed, while reverse trend later growth phases. Sowing environments significantly influenced number effective tillers m−2. Average numbers (ET) m−2 sown during 15–25 November were almost 11.6% higher than those December crop. Grain filling duration (GFD) showed a declining advancement due increased thermal load crop reproductive period. exhibited highest GFD (47 days), which shortened beyond signifying agrometeorological non-suitability Wheat recorded grain (3.21 Mg ha−1), 48.61% congenial regime. context, we have identified optimal sub-optimal conditions escape stress productivity. Moreover, sum deviation from optimum thresholds, computed sensitive phases (50% flowering physiological maturity), helped us identify its impact wheat. Genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that RAU-3711 found be most stable cultivar. decrease 4.9% 12.0%, 33.8% 42.4%, is predicted 2050-51 2080-81, respectively, under RCP 4.5.