Resistance and Resilience of Hyrcanian Mixed Forests Under Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances

Biological disturbances are integral to forest ecosystems and have pronounced effects on resistance, resilience, diversity. The Hyrcanian mixed forest, in northern Iran, is at risk of declining diversity due ongoing pressure from land use change, harvesting, biological disturbances. We analyzed the resistance resilience this area under two (i.e., oak charcoal fungus, Biscogniauxia mediterranea , alder leaf beetle, Galerucella lineola ) concert with proposed harvesting. used a simulation modeling approach whereby we simulated 12 combinations harvesting scenarios using LANDIS-II landscape change model. estimated correlation between tree species disturbance. full composition age class for 30 100 years after order assess as over time. considered ability recover disturbance back similar initial state. Results indicate positive effect Our simulations resulted negative relationship diversity-resistance diversity-resilience within high areas. reveals that disturbances, tested, fulfill goal maintaining However, increasing does not always follow by resilience. Scenarios both without lowest decrease resilient resistant.