Removal of Malachite Green Using Hydrochar from PALM Leaves

Biochar was prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of palm leaves, characterized, and utilized as an adsorbent for Malachite Green dye (MG). The Higher Heating Value (HHV) biochar depends on temperature has a maximum value 24.81 MJ/kg. Activation using H2O2 oxidation HTC at 208 °C produced AHTC with improved capacity. optimum pH found to be in range 7–8. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were used study MG data. Langmuir isotherm provided best fit experimental Experiments conducted activated 25 resulted capacity 62.80 mg/g, far greater than what observed (45.59 mg/g). 88% when concentration solution 66 ppm. free energy change DG° indicated that process spontaneous. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Fixed-column adsorptions models, namely, Thomas, Yan et al. Yoon–Nelson investigated AHTC. column determined Thomas model 33.57 mg/g. In addition, computational investigation been carried out determine structural electronic features, well quantum chemical parameters MG. Moreover, interaction between is investigated, which further elaborated performing non-covalent (NCI) through reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis. Thus, easily hydrochar from abundant waste leaves can high-value biocoal efficient cationic malachite green.