Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album L.) Populations Exhibit a High Degree of Morphological and Biochemical Diversity

Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade adapted to wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology biochemistry 16 populations A. 17 C. Seeds from collected Spain, France, Iran were grown together at experimental field agriculture research University Mohaghegh Ardabili, suite morphological traits biochemical assessed. Among observed significant differences for all measured traits. The number branches (BN) (12.22) inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) two characteristics exhibited maximum coefficient variation. Principal component analysis these data identified four principal components each explained 83.54 ( L.) 88.98 total A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered into main clusters sub-clusters. Canonical correlation (CCA) was used evaluate relationships between climate classification origin Similarly, did not group along Köppen classification. Both analyses support conclusion exhibit high levels diversity despite similar environmental histories. also compounds indicating they different metabolic profiles even when concurrently sympatrically. Several constituents in our study could serve as effective indices indirect selection stresses resistance/tolerance among illustrates how unique pressures faced by population can alter biology plants. This understanding provides new insights invasive plant colonize ecosystems suggests methods their management under novel changing conditions.