Recreation and hunting differentially affect deer behaviour and sapling performance
نویسندگان
چکیده
Humans are increasingly acknowledged as apex predators that shape landscapes of fear to which herbivores adapt their behaviour. Here, we investigate how humans modify deer space-use and effects on vegetation at two spatial scales; zones with different types human use (largescale risk factor) and, nested within that, trails (fine-scale factor). In three contrasting activities: 1) no recreation, hunting, 2) hunting 3) recreation linked (dropping counts) browsing intensity, relative growth survival planted saplings. Plots were located distances (20 versus 100 m) test affect sapling performance. Additionally, plots distributed over forest heathland habitat-dependent. Deer was highest in the zone without or resulting higher levels lower survival, but only heathland. contrast, performance did not differ between hunting. dropping counts near used for this associated impact Our results show recreational modifies is woody vegetation, while seasonal activities have additive year-round effects. Yet, observed larger scale trails. Furthermore, open heathland, where high visibility presumably increases avoidance behaviour because it detectability decreases escape possibilities. This suggests creates behaviourally mediated cascading influence development, yet these context-dependent. We advocate incorporating human-induced conservation, management research.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Oikos
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['0717-327X', '0718-4670']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.08448