Rainfall Returns Periods in Iraq

Predicting rainfall-runoff erosivity for single storms in northern Iraq

Estimation of soil loss from single storm events is essential for basin planning and nonpoint source pollution control. Rainfall-runoff erosivity factors for single storm events in northern Iraq were derived from the basic theory of soil detachment and transport. The factors derived are a single parameter which includes runoff depth only and a factor which combines runoff depth and peak rate. T...

Prolonged dry periods between rainfall events shorten the growth period of the resurrection plant Reaumuria soongorica

The resurrection plant Reaumuria soongorica is widespread across Asia, southern Europe, and North Africa and is considered to be a constructive keystone species in desert ecosystems, but the impacts of climate change on this species in desert ecosystems are unclear. Here, the morphological responses of R. soongorica to changes in rainfall quantity (30% reduction and 30% increase in rainfall qua...

Health in Iraq

Mortality in Iraq.

In their Article on mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Nov 20, p 1857), Les Roberts and colleagues use several questionable sampling techniques that should have been more thoroughly examined before publication. Although sampling of 988 households randomly selected from a list of all households in a country would be routinely acceptable for a survey, this was far from the meth...

religious Conflict in Iraq