Radiation, a two-edged sword: From untoward effects to fractionated radiotherapy

Radiations in medicine cover a wide range of applications, predominantly diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy, encompassing photons (x- γ-rays) particle radiation, as well with the use liquid sources nuclear focusing on physiological functional imaging, tumour detection or targeted radiotherapy. The biological interactions ionizing radiation leads naturally to questions benefits risk following dose exposures. inherent properties sterilising dividing cells can offer immense respect control, but also deliver potential harm form normal tissue toxicity carcinogenesis. advances technology, offering accurate reliable delivery, concert greater understanding underpinning radiobiological effects are creating an ever-growing ability extract maximum benefit minimise risk. fall broadly under headings mutagenesis, chromosomal aberrations, induced genomic instability cell death. enormity evidence derived from these underlie mechanism six Rs controlled radiotherapy: repair, repopulation, reoxygenation, redistribution, radiosensitivity most recently, remote bystander cellular (including low hyper-radiosensitivity, adaptive response, hormesis, abscopal effect immune response). Herein, we seek discuss how such optimised