Public policy and operations management
نویسندگان
چکیده
Public policies are “deliberate decisions by governments or equivalent authorities to take action nonaction toward specific objectives” (Weible & Carter, 2017, p. 24). Challenges in public policy inherently “wicked” (Rittel Webber, 1973), since they complex, interconnected, difficult define, involve many stakeholders, and can typically be addressed only through trial error (Birkland, 2019; Dye, 2017; Weible Sabatier, 2018). Furthermore, achieving public-policy goals (e.g., infrastructure, education, healthcare, social welfare) requires spanning boundaries (Kettl, 2006). We urge operations management (OM) scholars aid addressing this wickedness becoming more active contributors the dialogue. OM is defined Hill (2011) as “management of transformation process that converts labor, capital, materials, information, other inputs into products services for customers” (p. 242) or, broadly Browning (2020), “managing work produce valuable results” 497), specifically including across supply chains networks. In editorial, we argue discipline particularly well placed make significant managerial theoretical contributions policy, has been argued recently others (Anderson et al., 2020; Joglekar 2016; Kaplan, 2021; Tokar Swink, 2019). spite these arguments, rarely place considerations at center their work.11 Exemplifying lack focus author guidelines journal have historically stated: “Focus on pertinent managers…” A concrete outcome creation Policy Department writing editorial was an update explicitly include OM-related makers, well. see three main ways which researchers contribute better policy: (1) uncovering impact organizations outside sector, (2) using understanding recommendations (3) evaluating structure agencies who implement policy. The Journal Operations Management (JOM) encourages any these. believe increased its implications will increase research society. Section 2, provide a brief review literature, discussion complexities some common misconceptions. 3, historical relationship between 4, discuss already-significant made 5 highlight challenges authors. 6, conclude. addition spurring influences also hope publish JOM. section, briefly scholars' analyses how policy22 Note careful refer subject “public policy” opposed just “policy,” except cases where term repeated frequently. This avoid confusion with uses entity's no direct aspect, such inventory ordering company related employee behavior pay, even general “business policy.” suggest authors follow our convention when stating relationships made, both ideal real worlds. Our primary goal wishing Beyond this, exposure literature beneficial not studying For example, frameworks processes power struggles involved shaping may useful effects powerful interests institutional, organizational, inter-organizational processes. An exact definition proven elusive terms, refers actions (and nonactions)33 often used outcomes government nonactions). clarity, it perhaps best distinguish (outcomes) process. paper, use “public-policy process” focusing developing but discussing broadly. governmental actors Below, describe abstract model described Weber (Weber 1949), ideal-typical44 “The type created Max that, standard comparison, enables us aspects world clearer, systematic way. It constructed approximate reality selecting accentuating certain elements” https://www.thoughtco.com/ideal-type-definition-3026354 vision then introduce real-world complications. ideal-typical vision, key maximize welfare (Brooks Manza, capitalist societies like United States recent decades, means address market failures (i.e., situations private sector fails achieve something society values). Examples requiring intervention healthy natural environment, educated society, property protection, safe inclusive workplaces, business practices align society's priorities ideals, care those unable themselves. To attempt remedy improve welfare, create policies, laws regulations, intended (dis)incentivize behaviors (Dye, 2017). comprised administrative, political dynamics (Shipman, 1959). OM, “a set steps designed particular goal” (Hill, 2011, 270); least traditional “process” things documented manufacturing line operating procedure. has, however, increasingly much broader sets activities product development, connections different (such suppliers customers), strategy development deployment. Still, usually formal, if yet documented, taken. long understood very broadly, progressions whose protagonists advance, emerge along way, happens cycle.” cycle framework (Lasswell, 1956), referred stage framework, most description While criticized explanatory power, limited relevance, oversimplification complex dynamic (Nakamura, 1987), helpful starting point. According around several stages: problem identification/agenda setting, design/formulation,55 identifying options analysis. decision-making/budgeting, (4) implementation, (5) evaluation/termination.66 largely US/Western-centric, adjusting values structures imposing constraints)—the easily adopted extended non-US/Western contexts (Peters Zhao, recognize similarities well-known PDCA (plan-do-check-act)77 identified originating Dr. W. Edwards Deming's 1950s lecture Japan (Pietrzak Paliszkiewicz, 2015) approach improvement. During first stage, either members entrepreneurs.88 These lobbyists, activists, philanthropists pursue (driven altruism self-interest). If deemed sufficiently warrant attention, agenda policymakers address. second solutions designed. Decisions about financed during third stage. fourth implemented chosen level US: local, state, federal); implementation includes interpretation charged carrying out. last evaluated purposes continuous improvement and/or termination. implicitly assumes sequential decision-making. world, stages overlap, repeated, skipped. each represents entire domain, own methodological preferences. As whole, then, study entails attributes, interests), interactions, resource allocations), design, effectiveness), change) process(es) (Ostrom, 1990, 2005; 2018).99 By another classification, core classified falling within broad categories: made), analysis what should look works), form, would driven objective, databased resources allocated based greatest positive welfare. reality, regularly deviates from (Bentley, 1975; itself, course, vary parties, politicians, policymakers, individuals. Even agreement existed, necessarily reflect compromises competing democracy vs. efficiency) (Waldo, 1948). Public-policy investigate deviations making policy.1010 analogous behavioral branch investigates why decision managers predicted prescribed optimal models. JOM instrumental sub-field Bendoly al. (2006); Croson (2013)). difference few, any, mathematical optimization models compare actual optimal. (Thanks Travis observation). scholar wonder, negotiations over legislation do come fruition, realized differs stated narratives. case (publicly unstated) ones manage narratives (targeted generating support) Stone, 2012). Some merely symbolic nature, having little solving problems (Gustafsson, 1983). Sometimes seek define fit pre-existing solution1111 Most often, “solution” interest entrepreneurs—for participants “military/industrial complex” continually new threats justify investments military capability needed (Marsella, 2011; Pilisuk Rountree, 2008). (Cohen 1972; Kingdon, Miller Fox, 2007; Zahariadis, 2003). Taken together, perceived than struggle enforcement (re)distribution power) authentic effort (Gilens Page, 2014; Lasswell, 1936; Mills, 1956; critically existing aware articulating recommendations. Further, differently practice envisioned (Lipsky, 2010; Pressman Wildavsky, 1973). Specifically, translation content regulations depends upon less obvious institutional decision-making 2005) street-level bureaucrats workers contact police officers, teachers, workers, etc.) May Winter, 2009). simple state US speed limits highways process, enforce ignore small violations, miles per hour faster posted limits. familiar settings compliance requirements does always occur hand washing hospitals, e.g., Staats 2017) studied inspection regimes monitor Ball such, well-equipped consider policies. note absence activity domain equated need intervention. allowed issues Lukes, 2005). Stated concisely, sometimes itself. there currently federal privacy statute governing commercially available personal information. mean individual data provided commercial databases issue—as exemplified growing efforts passed European Union states California (National Conference State Legislatures [NCSL], 2020); decades were successful keeping off agendas (Cate, researching area apparent above. dispels misconception firms prefer action. fact, (in particular, large ones) important players drive for, design of, areas standardization, intellectual-property (Kerwin Furlong, Leone, 1986; Richter Government aimed improving overall health, safety, infrastructure. seemingly burdensome supported entities, established players, serve potential barriers entry (Dean Brown, 1995). evaluating, suggesting, solutions. bureaucratic uncreative. opportunities private-sector firms, dramatic operate competitive advantage. That is, “the fixed markets, actively them” (Mazzucato, 2011). one indispensable internet; working version computer network built inside Defense Department, larger did until National Science Foundation took operation Internet open standards had developed (Abbate, 2001).1212 examples, Breznitz, Amsden, 1992. features macro forces) change firm's environment understand. Often, organization1313 Or, Inter-Organizational Relationships JOM, organizations, buyers suppliers. causes effects, missing technologies affect demand labor (through war, training, etc.). properties might apply sector—implying inform on, internal implementation. Bidwell (2012) organizational politics make-buy decisions—something picked up relatively few chain (exceptions Stanczyk 2015; Franke Foerstl, 2020). More akin following linear path, Mintzberg (1978, 1989) emerges way operates originally intended. block threaten position, performance. Conversely, tools problems. applied value-stream mapping) ill-defined R&D chains. could analyze looking actually followed, bottlenecks arise, etc.1414 Attesting deal blood clotting after COVID-19 vaccine administrations, former FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb noted Wall Street Journal: “We thorough, predictable assess emerging vaccines advise doctors benefits risks.” (https://www.wsj.com/articles/drug-safety-is-fdas-job-not-cdcs-11618780270?page=1 WSJ April 18, accessed 21, 2021) Experience ramp-up scale-up help public-sector implementations population. range rollout websites randomized, controlled trials. Indeed, implementing scale led fields “policy research” 1973; Saetren, “implementation science” (Lavis 2004; Nilsen 2013). “Both depict potentially damaging gaps expectations makers shown effective practiced routine” (Nilsen 2013, 4)—gaps surely contribute. Table 1, list theories seminal citations. already noted, beyond simply being trying contribution, opportunity employ understand chains.1515 lie North's (1990) theory Pfeffer Salancik's (1978) dependence theory. Thanks Martin Spring There identifiable examples lasting practices. deregulation industries airlines, rail, motor carriers competition dramatically changed strategies logistics operators. Smith Grimm (1987) found railroad tended “unfocused” (one strategic dimension emphasized) “focused” emphasizes low cost emphasis innovation). Corsi Stowers (1991) meant carrier industry “be innovative approaches control philosophies risk bankruptcy” 26); frequent controlling (60%) cutting compensation. Equal Pay Act 1963, Civil Rights 1964, Occupational Safety Health 1970 employers staffed managed operations, regulators Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) required re-evaluate deployed capital countless (including therefore riper research), interesting, important, completely understood. affecting originated entities. American system mass production,” aka “Fordism,” part Army's Springfield Arsenal (Hounshell, 1985). Gantt chart, World War I (Clark, Clark 1922), further exemplifies phenomenon. example Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), principles running innovation widely today (Fuchs, 2010). operational innovations sector. immense influence administration, far public-policy/administration realize. administration efficient, reformers incorporated number Representative President Reagan's New Federalism reshaped inter-governmental relations shift contracting-out, public–private partnerships, privatization (Cooper, 2003, Inspired total quality (TQM) (Deming, 1986) reengineering (BPR)1717 acknowledge while TQM clearly primarily housed BPR literature. Other section shared domains, information systems behavior/human-resource management. (Hammer, 1990), 1990s reinvent (Gore, 1993; Osborne Gaebler, 1992) pushed governance performance-based Starting early 2000s, drawing domains automation, reduction, digitalization (Benjamin Potts, 2018; Twizeyimana Andersson, Numerous experimented Six Sigma (Maleyeff, 2007). involving customers (citizens) learning/improvement, simplification, workflow/system enhancements, management, holistic technology people affected it, productivity goal, all continue transform processes, overall. above suggests, types study. contrast loose groupings friend networks movements), characterized structured command. Many sectors engages similar, budgeting, scheduling, accounting, planning, selecting, motivating, employees. However, differences (See 2 enumeration differences). Due differences, OM-based inappropriate misapplied leading (Kellough, 1998; Radin Coffee, 1993). user fees (Frakes Wasserman, 2014). business, firm alter products, prices profits, paying expect businesses responsive them. patent offices, administrators sought adopt similar strategy, charging patents, thinking applicants agencies' “customers.” Frakes Wasserman (2014), myopic significantly worsened performance Patent Trademark Office mission, approve patents novelty usefulness public, contribution revenues. Instead, once PTO became dependent fees, began extend “preferential examination treatment—that higher granting propensities shorter wait times—to others” 602), decline case, agency served covering costs, portion instead fairly allocating intellectual rights. accustomed dealing bottlenecks, nonlinearities, uncertainty, characteristics frequently lead discontinuities, virtuous vicious cycles, bounded rational managers. worldview, analyzing messy fields. Lazear (2000) celebrated economics insights gained equilibrium, rationality, efficiency—assumptions directly odds researchers, perform empirical suitable economists assume economic forces tend view cycles (as bullwhip effect management). examined questions, performed articles appearing 2017 2020. supply-chain journals manner: Production (POM), Manufacturing Service (MSOM), Supply Chain (JSCM), Business Logistics (JBL). paid attention accepted Industry Studies POM. Finally, inter-disciplinary multi-disciplinary (MS) Decision Sciences (DS) claim exhaustive review, 4 years Notably, 13% papers clear, albeit understated, worth noting none Publi
منابع مشابه
Operations Research and public policy for Africa: harnessing the revolution in management science instruction
Operations research (OR) has made major contributions in the developed world to public policy domains that are of great relevance to Africa. Inasmuch as OR has failed to live up to its potential for addressing such issues in Africa, a principal barrier may have been distance between OR analysts and decision makers. However, the revolution in management science instruction and potential to train...
متن کاملنقد و تحلیل کتاب « Public Finance and Public Policy»
بحث درباره جایگاه مطلوب بخش عمومی (دولت) در اقتصاد از دیرباز مورد توجه مکاتب گوناگون فکری قرار داشته و به علت اهمیت وافر وارد برنامههای رسمی دانشگاهها در سراسر جهان شده است. هدف این مقاله تحلیل و نقد کتاب درسی مالیه عمومی و سیاست عمومی تألیف جاناتان گروبر است که از جدیدترین کتابهای درسی این حوزه به شمار میرود و هم اکنون در تعداد قابل توجهی از دانشگاههای مطرح جهان به عنوان کتاب درسی اصلی اق...
متن کاملPublic Health Management and Policy Education and Training: Czech Republic
The general status of the health care (HC) system in the Czech Republic has been determined by a quite radical and rapid reform process that started in the early 90s. It was shaped by the relatively high capacities of the old Czech HC system and a widely shared willingness to increase HC resources in the first year of the reform. The reform itself has introduced a new system of public health in...
متن کاملPublic Sector and Globalization: Towards New public Management
Running public service organizations that is used in government and public service institutions and agencies, at both sub-national and national levels is a major area of research in public policy in the era of globalization. Thus, the aim of this paper is to probe relationships between new public management and the process of globalization. It argues that the emergence of NPM is the consequence...
متن کاملFinance-oriented vs. operations-oriented management control in public hospitals
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of finance-oriented vs. operations-oriented management control in public hospitals on physicians’ role conflict and cost consciousness as well as on perceived organizational performance. First, we conduct a participatory research project, and identify two public university hospitals with clearly differing management control environments: on...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Operations Management
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1873-1317', '0272-6963']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1160