PTEN signaling pathways in melanoma

SnapShot: PTEN Signaling Pathways

PTEN signaling pathways in glioblastoma.

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults, but the prognosis for patients with these tumors remains poor despite advances in diagnosis and standard therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Progress in the treatment of gliomas now depends to a great extent on an increased understanding of the biology of these tumors. Recent insights into the biolo...

Genetic alterations in signaling pathways in melanoma.

Alterations in the RAS signaling cascade are almost uniformly present in melanoma. RAS itself is only infrequently mutated in melanoma although downstream of RAS lie BRAF on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and PTEN on the protein kinase B/Akt pathway. These genes are often altered in melanomas; indeed, the most frequent target of mutation in melanomas is BRAF, which is mutated in a...

Targeting multiple key signaling pathways in melanoma using leelamine.

Melanoma is a highly drug-resistant cancer with resistance developing to agents targeting single proteins. To circumvent this problem, a new class of agent inhibiting multiple key pathways important in this disease is being developed to reduce the likelihood of developing resistant disease. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and STAT3 pathways are con...

Anti-cancer properties of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 against HT-29 colon cancer cells through regulation of Bax/Bcl-xL and AKT/PTEN signaling pathways

Objective(s): Chemotherapies used to treat colon cancer might often fail due to the emergence of chemoresistance and side effects. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a beneficial probiotic, whose molecular mechanisms in the prevention of colon cancer are yet to be fully understood. The present study assessed the anti-cancer effects of EcN treatments in human colorec...