Protectionism and Gender Inequality in Developing Countries

How do tariffs impact gender inequality? Using harmonized household survey and tariff data from 54 low- middle-income countries, this paper shows that protectionism has an anti-female bias. On average, repress the real incomes of female headed households by 0.6 percentage points relative to male ones. Female bear brunt because they derive a smaller share their income spend larger budget on agricultural products, which are usually subject high in developing countries. Consistent with explanation, bias is stronger countries where female-headed underrepresented production, more reliant remittances, budgets food than male-headed