Proportionality and Remedies in WTO Disputes

Transatlantic Economic Disputes: The EU, The US and The WTO

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Domestic Political Determinants of the Onset of WTO Disputes

Leader changes induce changes in the pattern of protection and of filings of disputes at the WTO. Additionally, political institutions play an important modifying role. We offer a model that explains changes in trade policy and dispute onset induced by shifts in the sectors represented in government when leaders change. Democratic leaders are more likely to initiate WTO disputes than autocrats....

Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: Early Settlement in GATT/WTO Disputes

This Essay proceeds in four steps. Part I summarizes the quantitative evidence on the pattern of escalation and outcomes of more than 600 GATT/WTO disputes from 1948 through 1999. Part II elaborates on our theory of settlement bargaining within the context of an institution lacking enforcement power and shows how the hypotheses are consistent with the evidence introduced earlier. Part III discu...

Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts: Diplomatic Lobbying and the Early Settlement of WTO Disputes

Failure of the WTO Ministerial Conference at Cancun: Reasons and Remedies