Principal Component Analysis (PCA)–Geographic Information System (GIS) Modeling for Groundwater and Associated Health Risks in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Drinking water quality is a major problem in Pakistan, especially the Abbottabad region of Pakistan. The main objective this study was to use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and integrated Geographic Information System (GIS)-based statistical model estimate spatial distribution exceedance levels groundwater parameters related health risks for two union councils (Mirpur Jhangi) located Abbottabad, A field survey conducted, samples were collected from 41 sites analyze parameters. data collection includes 15 Global Positioning (GPS) Essentials application used obtain geographical coordinates sampling locations area. GPS an android-based commonly geographic coordinates. After sampling, laboratory analyses performed evaluate PCA applied results, values calculated by subtracting them World Health Organization (WHO) standard parameter values. nine such as Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Solids (TDS), Colony Forming Unit (CFU) exceeded WHO threshold. highly parameters, i.e., As, Pb, Hg, Cd, CFU, selected GIS-based modeling. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technique produced five Components (PCs) with cumulative variance 76%. PC-1 might be indicator Cd. PC-2 could sign natural pollution. PC-3 due As. PC-4 PC-5 indicators processes. GIS modeling revealed that Hg 3, 4, 5 both councils. Therefore, there greater risk exposure diseases cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, guinea worm infection. combination analysis techniques provided new dimensions research analyzing risks.