منابع مشابه
Innovation, or reverse causation?
L ongitudinal, multi-year cohort studies with large numbers of participants offer the only scientific possibility of clearly identifying the causes of childhood asthma (setting aside, for the moment, the difficulties in defining it). While the goal of these studies is clear, the exposure variables tested in them are often not well defined, and their main result is the generation of hypotheses w...
متن کاملBenzodiazepines and risk of dementia: true association or reverse causation?
According to a recently published population study conducted in France, exposure to benzodiazepines may be associated with an approximately 50% increase in the risk of dementia in the elderly. However, the clinical interpretation of this finding raised some concerns. A causal link between benzodiazepine use and diagnosis of dementia may be real, but it is nevertheless possible that the increase...
متن کاملCausation and Mental Causation
How the mind of a human being can determine the bodily spirits [i.e., the fluids in the nerves, muscles, etc.] in producing voluntary actions, being only a thinking substance. For it appears that all determination of movement is produced by the pushing of the thing being moved, by the manner in which it is pushed by that which moves it, or else by the qualification and figure of the surface of ...
متن کاملFrom Association to Causation via a Potential Outcomes Approach
D the importance of causal analysis in building a valid knowledge base and in answering managerial questions, the issue of causality rarely receives the attention it deserves in information systems (IS) and management research that uses observational data. In this paper, we discuss a potential outcomes framework for estimating causal effects and illustrate the application of the framework in th...
متن کاملSmoking and Reverse Causation Create an Obesity Paradox in Cardiovascular Disease
OBJECTIVE Many studies find that excess weight is associated with better survival among individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Investigations were carried out to see whether this "obesity paradox" can be explained by biases. METHODS The association between weight status and mortality in the US population ages 35 and above with CVD was investigated. Data were obtained from the National...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: International Journal of Cancer
سال: 2017
ISSN: 0020-7136
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30624