Potential Ecological Distributions of Urban Adapters and Urban Exploiters for the Sustainability of the Urban Bird Network

The bird community in urban areas indicates the species-specific adaptability to conditions such as increase man-made habitats. Urban adapters and exploiters, two groups that make up most of birds, were assessed determine their suitable habitat explain distribution, well environmental predictors for assemblages Depok, one Jakarta’s satellite cities. We used point-count method survey birds three types, green spaces, residentials, roadside, then we Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) analyze species distribution modeling. also predicted distributions exploiters based on several predictors. Our results suggest both abundant residential areas. Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) cave swiflets (Collocalia linchi) common all types. On average, canopy cover was extensive spaces followed by roadside likely have a high suitability extent compared adapters. affected distance perennial water, land function adapters, patches exploiters. presence suggests home gardens supported critical habitats when unavailable.