Positioning entomopathogenic nematodes for the future viticulture: exploring their use against biotic threats and as bioindicators of soil health

Vineyards face several biotic threats that compromise the grape quality and quantity. Among those cause relevant economic impact have worldwide distribution are oomycete Plasmopara vitícola, fungi Erysiphe necator Botrytis cinerea, arthropods Lobesia botrana, Tetranychus urticae, Phylaenus spumarius (principal vector of bacterial disease Xylella fastidiosa in Europe). Their management relies primarily on agrochemicals with short persistence; widespread use these chemicals causes environmental human health problems. The challenge sustainable viticulture is to provide ecologically sound alternatives. In this regard, application entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) natural products derived from their symbionts can be an alternative. EPNs well-known biocontrol agents for soil-dwelling insects. However, current research demonstrates great potential both EPN derivates as direct bio-tools against some key fungal pests present aboveground. addition, recent evidence shows detecting presence activity relation other soil organisms associated them help us understand different agricultural practices vineyard management. Altogether, review illustrates enhance pest next generation viticulture.