منابع مشابه
Mitigating Disaster Losses through Insurance
Losses from natural disasters have increased in recent years due to growth of population in hazard-prone areas and inadequate enforcement of building codes. This article first examines why homeowners have not voluntarily adopted cost-effective protective measures and have limited interest in purchasing insurance. It then proposes a disaster-management program which utilizes insurance coupled wi...
متن کاملMammal population losses and the extinction crisis.
The disappearance of populations is a prelude to species extinction. No geographically explicit estimates have been made of current population losses of major indicator taxa. Here we compare historic and present distributions of 173 declining mammal species from six continents. These species have collectively lost over 50% of their historic range area, mostly where human activities are intensiv...
متن کاملMitigating Losses from Climate Change through Insurance
Climate change potentially amplifies catastrophe risks by raising the magnitude and frequency of certain extreme events in the long term. Its crucial feature is irreversibility. The availability and affordability of insurance will also be diminished in the presence of climate change. Weather losses can be mitigated by actions of the policyholder; however, the private returns from many mitigatio...
متن کاملConsistent Multilabel Ranking through Univariate Losses
We consider the problem of rank loss minimization in the setting of multilabel classification, which is usually tackled by means of convex surrogate losses defined on pairs of labels. Very recently, this approach was put into question by a negative result showing that commonly used pairwise surrogate losses, such as exponential and logistic losses, are inconsistent. In this paper, we show a pos...
متن کاملMorphological Features of Cell Death Through Microscopic View
Cells are active components in their environment and constantly adjusting their performance to improve extracellular milieu changing. This approach is reflected their tends of maintaining intracellular homeostasis. When the cells encounter stress or pathologic stimuli, they can undergo a new manner (adaptation) and new steady state for achieving viability and function. If the external stress is...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Public Health Reports (1896-1970)
سال: 1954
ISSN: 0094-6214
DOI: 10.2307/4588878