PM2.5 Concentration Pattern in ASEAN Countries Based on Population Density

The concentration of PM2.5 in ambient air is one the indicators quality that affects public health. This pollutant considered hazardous due to its small size, which allows it enter lungs and remain suspended for a considerable amount time. Identifying patterns distribution important recognize influential factors increasing concentrations, thus enabling better formulation solutions. study analyzed concentrations three ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand. Four randomly selected measurement locations were chosen each country, with two densely populated areas others low-density areas. sample data using nested factor analysis variance, allowed relationship between taken parameters, namely location, population density classification, be determined. results revealed all parameters had significant influence on concentrations.