Physiopathological role of extracellular vesicles in alloimmunity and kidney transplantation and their use as biomarkers

Antibody-mediated rejection is the leading cause of kidney graft dysfunction. The process diagnosing it requires performance an invasive biopsy and subsequent histological examination. Early sensitive biomarkers damage alloimmunity are needed to identify injury eventually limit need for a biopsy. Moreover, other scenarios such as delayed function or interstitial fibrosis tubular atrophy face same problem. In recent years, interest has grown around extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes actively secreted by immune cells, which intercellular communicators have shown biological significance. This review presents their potential in transplantation alloimmunity.