Perineal Body Length Among Different Racial Groups in the First Stage of Labor

Comparing the effect of active and expectant managements of the second stage of labor on perineal status

Length of the first stage of labor and associated perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women.

OBJECTIVE To estimate whether length of the first stage of labor is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with term, singleton gestations delivered in one academic center between 1990 and 2008. The length of the first stage was stratified into three subgroups: less than the 5th percentile, 5th to 95th percenti...

Effects of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) on the Severity of First-Stage Labor Pain

Abstract Considering that vaginal delivery is a painful process, the present study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantium on the severity of first-stage labor pain in primiparous women. This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted with 126 eligible primiparous patients. The pain severity of patients was measured at the time of enrolling in the study. In the intervention group, (ar...

Effects of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) on the Severity of First-Stage Labor Pain

Abstract Considering that vaginal delivery is a painful process, the present study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantium on the severity of first-stage labor pain in primiparous women. This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted with 126 eligible primiparous patients. The pain severity of patients was measured at the time of enrolling in the study. In the intervention group, (ar...

The effect of mint chewing gum on salivary cortisol the first stage of labor in nulliparous women

Background: Delivery is one of the critical stressful incidents in lives of most women and its associated complications can disturb the progress of labor and exacerbate post partum problems. Chewing gum is one of the new non-pharmacological methods to reduce stress. So far no study has been conducted to investigate the effect of chewing gum on the stress of labor. Aim: To determine the effect o...