Performance evaluation of single stand and hybrid solar water heaters: a comprehensive review

Abstract In this review, flat plate and concentrate-type solar collectors, integrated collector–storage systems, water heaters combined with photovoltaic–thermal modules, solar-assisted heat pump heaters, using phase change materials are studied based on their thermal performance, cost, energy, exergy efficiencies. The maximum temperature efficiencies enlisted to evaluate the performance of different heaters. It is found that heaters’ considerably improved by boosting flow rate tilt angle, modification shape number wavy diffuse electrodepositioned reflector coating, application corrugated absorber surface coated absorber, use turbulent enhancers, conductive working fluid nanofluid, inclusion storage tank, tank insulation. These items increase transfer area coefficient, conductivity, Reynolds Nusselt numbers, rate, energy evacuated tube have a higher compared collectors plane surface. Their increases all-glass active circulation pipe integration. concentrative type superior other particularly in achieving temperatures. improves rotating mirror concentrator. integration system components, materials, or provides satisfactory over conventional Graphical abstract Modification