Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008–2019)

Abstract Within the global monitoring plan (GMP) established by article 16 of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), and perfluorohexane (PFHxS) are recommended for analysis in core matrices to assess occurrence changes geographically with time. In 101 samples consisting 86 national pools 15 from States Brazil obtained between 2008 2019, PFHxS was detected 17% none Brazil. PFOA PFOS had a detection frequency 100% 92%, respectively. Other perfluoroalkane substances (PFAS) either low frequencies median values zero (carboxylic acids C 4 –C 11 ; except PFOA) or could not be quantified any sample (sulfonic acids, 10 , long-chain carboxylic 12 14 ). Correlation moderately ( r = 0.58). Whereas were almost identical (18.9 pg/g f.w. PFOS; 18.6 PFOA), showed larger ranges (< 6.2 f.w.−212 f.w.) than f.w.−63.4 f.w.). It shown that wealthier countries higher concentrations poorer countries. No difference found collected having ratified amendments list PFOA. The goal achieve 50% decrease within ten years met Antigua Barbuda, Kenya, Nigeria Barbuda few cases, increases observed; one country PFOS, four