Past and Future Changes of Land Use/Land Cover and the Potential Impact on Ecosystem Services Value of Damietta Governorate, Egypt

This investigation aims to assess the changes of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) and its impact on ecosystem services value in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. To fulfill this aim, Landsat data TM5 2001, ETM 2011 OLI 2021 were used. The Maximum Likelihood Classifier was employed track LULC study area. Cellular automata (CA) Markov model adopted from IDRISI software used for accurate prediction 2031. VALIDATE TerrSet compare predicted 2031 with actual accuracy model. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment utilized per unit area land types. results indicated that there a noticeable change different cover classes during duration 2001–2021. Results showed are decreases cultivated bare area, meanwhile urban increased. remarkably decreased recording 548.2 km2 (62.15%) at (55.79%) 468.96 (53.16%) total However, percentage increased; reporting 65.69 (7.45%), 124.57 (14.12%), 176.67 (20.03%) 2011, 2021, respectively. analyses an increase by 2.8% decrease 7.2%. kappa index values greater than 0.80, which shows strong agreement between simulated maps. comprehensive Governorate ranges 100 400. ES experienced positive ESV period gives strength indicator achieving sustainable development Governorate. prevent further degradation ensure best possible delivery ES, it is necessary reduce current drivers within buildup agricultural land. helps local authorities better understand use system develop improved management strategies manage expansion guarantee ecological conservation.