PARsing Embryonic Polarity

PARsing Embryonic Polarity Minireview

PARsing Embryonic Polarity

est effects are the par genes (partitioning defective). Mutations in these genes lead to similar but somewhat mutant embryos have cleavage pattern defects and al-Current understanding of the way in which embryonic terations in the fates of the founder cells that can be polarity is established relies heavily on studies of mater-attributed to the mislocalization of some or all of the nal effect l...

Cytokinesis and the establishment of early embryonic cell polarity.

Cleavage divisions in many animals form a blastula made up of a simple polarized epithelium. This simple embryonic epithelium possesses an apical surface covered with microvilli and primary cilia separated from the basolateral surfaces by cell-cell junctions. The apical membrane proteins and lipids differ from those of the basolateral on these embryonic epithelial cells, as is found in adult ep...

Neuronal Polarity in the Embryonic Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of neurons that can grossly be subdivided into two broad classes: inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. The majority of cortical neurons in mammals are the excitatory type and they are the main focus of this review article. Like many of the cells in multicellular organisms, fully differentiated neurons are both morpho...

Deubiquitylation Machinery Is Required for Embryonic Polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Caenorhabditis elegans one-cell embryo polarizes in response to a cue from the paternally donated centrosome and asymmetrically segregates cell fate determinants that direct the developmental program of the worm. We have found that genes encoding putative deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are required for polarization of one-cell embryos. Maternal loss of the proteins MATH-33 and USP-47 leads...