منابع مشابه
Avoiding Contradictions in the Paradoxes, the Halting Problem, and Diagonalization
The fundamental proposal in this article is that logical formulas of the form (f ↔ ¬f) are not contradictions, and that formulas of the form (t ↔ t) are not tautologies. Such formulas, wherever they appear in mathematics, are instead reason to conclude that f and t have a third truth value, different from true and false. These formulas are circular definitions of f and t. We can interpret the i...
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The information age is upon us and the main paradox is that there is no satisfactory and commonly accepted answer to the crucial question what information is. This results in a quantity of contradictions, misconceptions, and paradoxes related to the world of information. We consider the existing situation in information studies, which is very paradoxical and inconsistent, in the first part of t...
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Antioxidants have been associated with cancer prevention. Since this association was established, a plethora of controversies, contradictions and paradoxes have arisen. In this article we will try to provide an insight into the complexity involved with antioxidants, pro-oxidants and cancer in the free radical biology area. Introduction A report by Hunter et al. studying antioxidant intake and t...
متن کاملContradictions, objects, and belief
We show how some model-theoretical devices (local reasoning, modes of presentation, an additional accessibility relation) can be combined in first-order modal logic to formalize the consequence relation that includes de dicto and de re contradictory beliefs. Instead of special " sense objects " , appearances of objects in an agent's belief are introduced and presented as ordered pairs consistin...
متن کاملStructural Contradictions
We study the relation between logical contradictions such as p ∧ ¬p and structural contradictions such as p∩ (p · q). Intuitively, we expect the two to be treated similarly, but they are not by PSL, nor by SVA. We provide a solution that treats both kinds of contradictions in a consistent manner. The solution reveals that not all structural contradictions are created equal: we must distinguish ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Applied Psychological Measurement
سال: 1989
ISSN: 0146-6216,1552-3497
DOI: 10.1177/014662168901300409