Oxidative stress-mediated caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis and proautophagic therapeutic potential of Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. growing in the Kashmir Valley, India

Background: Salviamoorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. is a herbaceous perennial plant indigenous to the Himalayan mountains and especially common in Kashmir Valley, India. This was selected based on its ethnopharmacological promise dearth of scientific reporting biological activity. study examined anticancer therapeutic potential also sought demonstrate induction apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress lung breast cancer cells. Methods: Soxhlet's extraction technique used obtain an ethanolic extract Salviamoorcroftiana. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay evaluate effects cell proliferation, acridine orange/ethidium (AO/EB) staining assess apoptotic morphology. Transmission electron microscopy detect 2'-7'dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) measure stress. Apoptosis autophagyrelated protein levels were assessed with western blotting. Results: The showed concentration time-dependent inhibition proliferation against A549 MDA-MB-231 lines IC50 values 129.32 µg/ml 118.12 µg/ml, respectively (*p < 0.05). AO/EB revealed that brings about transformations both lines, further supported by blotting showing higher caspase 3 9 Bax expression lower Bcl-2 expression. TEM analysis formation autophagosomes LC3B-I LC3B-II MDA-MB-231, respectively, confirming autophagy. Finally, DCFH-DA concentration-reliant augmentation intracellular ROS production cells, indicating extract. Conclusion: remarkable activity Salvia moorcroftiana roots via Natural drug discovery design could benefit from these findings. &nbsp