Optimization of Rice-Based Double-Cropping System with Conservation Practice Mitigates Carbon Emission While Ensuring Profitability

Including green manure into a rice-based double-cropping system has effects on both crop production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, few studies have considered the trade-off between productivity, profitability, carbon footprint (CF) in this cropping of China. Thus, impacts different regimes economic benefits, footprint, net ecosystem budget (NEEB) were investigated. The treatments rice–wheat (R–W), rice–rape (R–R), rice–hairy vetch (R–H), rice–barley (R–B), rice–faba bean (R–F), rice–fallow (R). Compared to R–W treatment, planting rape (R–F, R–H), or fallow (R) winter season tended improve rice yield, but they not conducive yield stability. Treatments R–H, R–F, R reduced direct indirect GHG emission, thus mitigated area-scaled by 34.4%, 44.2%, 49.7%, respectively, compared treatment. benefits under R–R, R–B, from those while R–H benefit 70.1%. In comparison with treatment NEEB, R–F significantly increased NEEB USD 4065 ha−1. present results indicate that as measure realize combination food security environmental cost reduction, substituting leguminous crops wheat can mitigate emissions ensuring premise