منابع مشابه
Advocacy and Objectivity in Science
Three strategies for scientific research in management are examined: advocacy, induction, and multiple hypotheses. Advocacy of a single dominant hypothesis is efficient, but biased. Induction is not biased, but it is inefficient. The multiple hypotheses strategy seems to be both efficient and unbiased. Despite its apparent lack of objectivity, most management scientists use advocacy. For exampl...
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During the past several decades, philosophers of science and scientists themselves have become increasingly aware of the complex ways in which scientific knowledge is shaped by its social context. This awareness has called into question traditional notions of objectivity. Working scientists need an understanding of their own practice that avoids the naïve myth that science can become objective ...
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The Need for New Monitoring Tools The earliest inventories of western rangelands were “ocular” estimates.1 Such estimates are subjective; they are opinions, judgments, or guesses based on experience and feelings—“the art” of rangeland management (Fig. 1). Now, our monitoring needs are different and the importance of objective data consistent with formal scientifi c inquiry is more essential; th...
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In general, I thought that the Boal and Willis “Note on the Armstrong/Mitroff Debate” 1 provided an interesting and fair discussion. 2 The summary of the consequences of the subjective versus objective approaches (Table 1 in their paper) was helpful. It clearly outlined the dilemma faced by scientists: “Should I strive for personal gain or for scientific contributions?” It also described what i...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1988
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/331558a0