Novel chaos game optimization tuned-fractional-order PID fractional-order PI controller for load–frequency control of interconnected power systems

Abstract In this work, chaos game optimization (CGO), a robust approach, is employed for efficient design of novel cascade controller four test systems with interconnected power (IPSs) to tackle load–frequency control (LFC) difficulties. The CGO method based on theory principles, in which the structure fractals seen via chaotic principle and fractals’ self-similarity characteristics are considered. applied LFC studies as application, reveals further research gaps be filled. For practical implementation, it also highly desirable keep simple. Accordingly, paper, CGO-based fractional-order (FO) proportional–integral–derivative–FO proportional–integral (FOPID–FOPI) proposed, integral time multiplied absolute error performance function used. Initially, proposed FOPID–FOPI tested without nonlinearity governor dead band two-area two-source model non-reheat unit. This common system literature. A multi-unit reheater–hydro–gas both areas implemented. To generalize advantages scheme, three-area hydrothermal IPS including generation rate constraint employed. each system, comparisons relevant existing performed. These demonstrate superiority scheme reducing settling time, frequency tie-line deviations.