Nose-to-brain delivery of insulin nanoparticles for diabetes management: A review

Hyperglycemia and the onset of insulin resistance or deficiency, both, are hallmarks group diseases known as diabetes. Ultimately, subcutaneous injection is most effective treatment for diabetic patients. However, patients must self-administer at least twice daily rest their lives, this form administration frequently uncomfortable inconvenient. Infections, precipitation, lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy commonly observed site. To date, nasal, pulmonary, oral methods have been explored. Although stimulation ideal method patients, there several obstacles to overcome, such rapid degradation in stomach limited bioavailability. Various strategies approved improve these parameters, including use enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive polymeric agents, absorption-enhancing chemical modifications. Insulin-loaded nanocarriers can bypass numerous physiological limitations. The current review discusses approach nanotechnology nose-to-brain delivery nanoparticles diabetes management.