منابع مشابه
Biomarkers, putative surrogates, surrogates, and decision making.
T he development of new therapies is slow, expensive, and frustrating. The failure rate for new molecular entities exceeds 90%, and total research and development costs per successful new molecular entity are currently estimated to be nearly $2 billion. 1 Consternation about the complexity of therapeutic development recently prompted a major report by the President's Council of Advisors on Scie...
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I first discuss several strategies that serve as surrogates for theories in psychology: one-word explanation, redescription, drawing vague dichotomies, and data fitting. I then identify two conventions that allow these surrogates to flourish and multiply: null hypothesis testing, which makes precise hypotheses irrelevant, and the isolation of research in different disciplines, which prevents th...
متن کاملGraphical Models for Surrogates
Recently, it has been demonstrated that graphical models promise some potential for expressing causal concepts, see for example Pearl (2000), Lauritzen (2001), or Dawid (2002). The causal interpretation is most direct in models based on directed acyclic graphs, whereas causal interpretation for chain graph models generally is more subtle and complex (Lauritzen and Richardson 2002). In the artic...
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To deal with complex optimization problems plagued with computationally expensive fitness functions, the use of surrogates to replace the original functions within the evolutionary framework is becoming a common practice. However, the appropriate datacentric approximation methodology to use for the construction of surrogate model would depend largely on the nature of the problem of interest, wh...
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Until recently, optimization was regarded as a discipline of rather theoretical interest, with limited real-life applicability due to the computational or experimental expense involved. Multiobjective optimization was considered as a utopia even in academic studies due to the multiplication of this expense. This paper discusses the idea of using surrogate models for multiobjective optimization....
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Biological Chemistry
سال: 1997
ISSN: 0021-9258
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1493