Non-consumptive effects of predation risk on prey population regulations: empirical evidence from the invasive spider mite Tetranychus ludeni

Tetranychus ludeni Zacher is an invasive pest from Europe. It infests more than 300 plant species, including many economically important crops such as bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), eggplant Solanum melongena (Solanales: Solanaceae), and other cucurbitaceous plants. Gotoh et al. (2015) predict that this species could replace T. urticae to become a major crop in the world. often assumed success of biological control using predators achieved through direct predation. However, it still largely unknown whether predation risk contribute effectiveness prey control. In present study we investigated effects cues predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis killed on life history traits offspring fitness ludeni, providing novel knowledge for evaluation non-consumptive contribution future development new spider methods these cues. We demonstrated shortened longevity by 23% oviposition period 35% reduced number eggs laid 31% females. These also significantly intrinsic rate increase net population growth prolonged time double size. Furthermore, response predator females delayed their lifetime production daughters smaller eggs. Offspring predator-exposed mothers developed slowly. Our findings strongly suggest mortality caused both can reduce fitness, suppressing lowering damage crops. The earlier death result energic costs natural enemy avoidance (Luong 2017), decrease foraging or food intake (Hermann & Thaler 2014) oxidative (Janssens Stoks 2013). partially supports previous reports impacts are transgenerational (Tariel 2020). provides critical information paves way identification chemical odors materials pests.