Neither, either, or both? Who sees GM and non‐GM food labels?

Abstract The US National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard mandates disclosures on foods containing genetically modified (GM) ingredients, while allowing voluntary non‐GM claims to coexist in the marketplace. Using cross‐sectional survey data, accounting for error term correlation and controlling demographic variability, we describe types of GM food labels seen by respondents quantify association other label reading behaviors characteristics seeing and/or labels. percent both contains does not contain increased between 2018 2021, with more compared each year. Estimated conditional probabilities reveal that time, behaviors, attitudes are heterogeneously associated