Negative Effects of the Neonicotinoid Clothianidin on Foraging Behavior and Antennal Sensitivity in Two Common Pollinator Species, Osmia bicornis and Bombus terrestris

Insect species richness and abundance has declined rapidly over the last few decades. Various stressors, such as conversion of natural habitats, climate change, land-use intensification, agrochemicals pathogens, are thought to be major factors in this decline. We treated female bees two common pollinator Europe, Osmia bicornis Bombus terrestris , with a field-realistic dose neonicotinoid clothianidin. tested its effects on foraging behavior O. under semi-natural conditions antennal sensitivity both bee floral volatiles by using electroantennography. Clothianidin negatively affected decreasing number flowers visited per flight increasing time flower visit searching between flowers. It also decreased 2-phenylethanol species. Thus, clothianidin is clearly threat for via their hence probably detrimental pollination reproductive success bees.