Natural sources, refined extraction, biosynthesis, metabolism, and bioactivities of dietary polymethoxyflavones (PMFs)

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are a type of uncommon dietary flavonoids, characterized by more than one methoxy group, which exist in limited plant species, like Citrus species and Kaempferia parviflora. In addition, different PMFs, such as nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeretin, casticin, have been isolated from these natural sources. PMFs received increasing attention due to their multiple bioactivities, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, metabolic regulatory, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, skin protective effects. These bioactivities should be associated with the regulation critical molecular targets interaction gut microbiota. order provide comprehensive updated review sources, refined extraction, biosynthesis, metabolism, summarised discussed, emphasis on mechanisms regulating chronic diseases. Overall, may promising flavonoids forefront nutraceuticals for prevention and/or treatment certain human