Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) Quantification Techniques: Innovations and Future Directions

Natural source zone depletion (NSZD) is an emerging technique for sustainable and cost-effective bioremediation of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) in oil spill sites. Depending on regulatory objectives, NSZD has the potential to be used as either primary or sole LNAPL management technique. To achieve this goal, rate (i.e., bulk mass depletion) should quantified accurately precisely. certain characteristic features that have been surrogates quantify rates. This review highlights most recent trends technology development data collection estimation, with a focus operational technical advantages limitations associated techniques. So far, four principal techniques are developed, including concentration gradient (CG), dynamic closed chamber (DCC), CO2 trap thermal monitoring. Discussions revolving around two techniques, “CO2 trap” “thermal monitoring”, expanded due particular attention them current industry. The gaps knowledge relevant monitoring identified issues which merit further research outlined. It hoped can provide researchers practitioners sufficient information opt best practice application impacted