Nanomaterials‐Based Biosensors for the Detection of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Recent Trends and Future Perspective

Cancer is among the leading causes of death and an important barrier to improving life expectancy globally. Prostate cancer second most common in men worldwide. The detection biomarkers body fluids key topic for diagnosis prognosis prostate cancer. Despite advances methods, therapeutic agents new biomarkers, remains a serious challenge. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) widely recognized as biomarker although researchers have also investigated use alternative biomarkers. Design development novel biosensors has become hot research area with nanotechnology aiding biosensor development. This article reviews recent achievements progress that nanomaterials made based covers: i) PSA-targeted (immunosensors, aptamer-based, peptide-based nanopore-based biosensors), ii) sarcosine oxidase-targeted biosensors, iii) other (prostate 3 (PCA3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) prostate-specific membrane (PSMA)) including dual (PSA-VEGF, PSA-PSMA, PSA-PCA3 PSA-sarcosine). aim this review provide insights into how combination various are now diagnostics.