Multiphysics modeling of lithium-ion, lead-acid, and vanadium redox flow batteries

The increasing demand for batteries’ application in grid-balancing, electric vehicles, and portable electronics has prompted research efforts on improving their performance safety features. improvement of batteries involves the comparison multiple battery designs determination electrochemical thermal property distributions at continuum scale. This is achieved by using multiphysics modeling investigatory research, as conventional experimental approaches would be costly impractical. fundamental models these have been established, hence, new are being developed specific applications, such runaway degradation lithium-ion batteries, gas evolution lead-acid vanadium crossover redox flow batteries. inclusion concepts modeling, however, necessitates consideration phenomena beyond work presents a comprehensive review lithium-ion, lead-acid, chemistries discussed along with physical interpretations common applications. Modifications adaptation matching to end applications outlined. Lastly, we comment direction future regards interaction techniques other length time scales. Molecular-scale density functional theory kinetic Monte Carlo can used create predict transport correlations from first principles. Nanostructures pore-level geometries optimized integrated into continuum-scale models. reduction via machine learning, mathematical simplification, or regression enables management systems energy modeling.