MT-InSAR and Dam Modeling for the Comprehensive Monitoring of an Earth-Fill Dam: The Case of the Benínar Dam (Almería, Spain)

The Benínar Dam, located in Southeastern Spain, is an earth-fill dam that has experienced filtration issues since its construction 1985. Despite the installation of various monitoring systems, data collected are sparse and inadequate for dam’s lifetime. present research integrates Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) modeling to validate this dam, opening way enhanced integrated systems. MT-InSAR was proved be a reliable continuous system deformation, surpassing previously installed systems terms precision. allowed almost-continuous 1992, combining ERS, Envisat, Sentinel-1A/B data. Line-of-sight (LOS) velocities settlement crest evolved from maximums −6 mm/year (1992–2000), −4 (2002–2010), −2 (2015–2021) with median values −2.6 −3.0 first periods (ERS Envisat) −1.3 Sentinel 1-A/B period. These results consistent maximum admissible modeled deformation construction, confirming more intense early stages decreased over time. also used integrate basin, including critical slopes, quarries, infrastructures, such as roads, tracks, spillways. This study allows us conclude important elements embankment dams. conclusion supports complete integration 3D into dams, they key complement traditional geotechnical can overcome main limitations topographical monitoring.