Monitoring Soil Degradation in The Mesopotamian Plain Using GIS and Remote sensing Techniques

In the present work , various remote sensing techniques have been used to investigate soil degradation in Iraq (The Mesopotamian plain) for period (1976 - 2021) using different research and data like satellite image such as (Landsat 1-5 MSS 1976 Landsat 4-5 TM C1 Level-1 1996, 8 2016 sentinel-2 2021 ) Program software (ENVI 5.3 which extract from by TCT EMI NDVI indicators Eras 2015 use subset area of interest ,layer stack merge resolution Arc GIS 10.7 make database maps production ),the article some filters Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Elian Mapping (EMI), Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) a set (area vegetation cover erosion index (EMI) classification wet dry soils, water calculation (TCT), will be calculate areas accurately know type causes comparing those lands with past years observing them satellites (advanced techniques).