Molybdenum Modified Sol–Gel Synthesized TiO2 for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Carbamazepine under UV Irradiation

Pharmaceutical CEC compounds are a potential threat to man, animals, and the environment. In this study, sol–gel-derived TiO2 (SynTiO2) was produced subsequently sonochemically doped with 1.5 wt% Mo obtain final product (Mo (1.5 wt%)/SynTiO2). The as-prepared materials were characterized for phase structure, surface, optical properties by XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption BET isotherm at 77 K, PSD BJH applications, FTIR, XPS, UV-Vis measurements in DRS mode. Estimated average crystallite size, particle surface area, pore-volume, pore energy bandgap 16.10 nm, 24.55 43.30 m2/g, 0.07 cm3/g, 6.23 3.05 eV, respectively, Mo/SynTiO2. same structural parameters also estimated unmodified SynTiO2 respective values of 14.24 16.02 133.87 0.08 2.32 3.3 eV. Structurally improved wt%)/SynTiO2) achieved ?100% carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation after 240 min UV irradiation under natural (unmodified) pH conditions. Effects initial pH, catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, chemical scavengers, contaminant ions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), humic acid (HA) investigated discussed. scavenger test used propose involved photocatalytic process mechanism CBZ.