Modern synthesis strategies for hierarchical zeolites: Bottom-up versus top-down strategies

Visual Attention: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down

Visual attention is attracted by salient stimuli that 'pop out' from their surroundings. Attention can also be voluntarily directed to objects of current importance to the observer. What happens in the brain when these two processes interact?

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Investing

in a world market where there are tens of thousands of stocks and hundreds of thousands of corporate bonds and other fixed-income securities, it is next to impossible for individual investors who have other things to do to figure out what to buy and what to sell. instead, we buy accounts and funds managed by investment professionals. how do professional investment managers form portfolios of se...

Bottom-up, top-down

Bottom-Up Beats Top-Down

In PEPA, the calculation of the transitions enabled by a process accounts for a large part of the time for the state space exploration of the underlying Markov chain. Unlike other approaches based on recursion, we present a new technique that is iterative—it traverses the process’ binary tree from the sequential components at the leaves up to the root. Empirical results shows that this algorith...

Evaluating Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Knowledge Acquisition Strategies for use in Rule Based Models of Emotional Common Sense

1 Abstract Three ways to build rule based models of emotional common sense reasoning are described: a top-down approach, inspired by a popular theory in the eld, a bottom-up or demo driven approach, and a hybrid approach. A means of evaluating each of the models is described. One aspect of the evaluation involves comparing a given model's performance against an empirically derived benchmark of ...