<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mtext /><mml:mtext /><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> fractionalization

Constructing Ethnic Fractionalization Indices

In recent years, ethnic fractionalization has emerged as a central variable in quantitative analyses of outcomes ranging from economic growth rates (Easterly and Levine, 1997) and the quality of governance (La Porta et al, 1999) to ethnic conflict (Kay et al, 2000) and the frequency of coups d’etat (Londregan and Poole, 1990). Almost all such analyses employ, either alone or in combination with...

Polarization, Fractionalization and Conflict

Interstitial fractionalization and spherical crystallography.

Finding the ground states of identical particles packed on spheres has relevance for stabilizing emulsions and has a venerable history in the literature of theoretical physics and mathematics. Theory and experiment have confirmed that defects such as disclinations and dislocations are an intrinsic part of the ground state. Here we discuss the remarkable behavior of vacancies and interstitials i...

Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa

In most studies of the impact of ethnic diversity on economic growth, diversity is hypothesized to affect growth through its effect on macroeconomic policies. This article shows that most measures of ethnic diversity (including the commonly used ELF measure) are inappropriate for testing this hypothesis. This is because they are constructed from enumerations of ethnic groups that include all of...

Bosonic model with Z3 fractionalization

A flurry of recent theoretical activity has produced specific model system realizations of fractionalized phases in two dimensions. Essentially all of the fractionalized states constructed so far are Z2 states. 7 On a formal level, these realizations employ the following route to Z2 fractionalization: Strong local correlations lead to a U~1! gauge theory as a low-energy description; this gauge ...